DIRECT - INDIRECT THEORY

DIRECT - INDIRECT SPEECH

                    Indirect Speech (also known as Reported Speech) refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.
f the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.

For example:

• She said her job was interesting.
• She said she went to the library each day.
• Our new colleague said he spoke French every day.

If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. For example:

• She says that her job is interesting.
• She says that she goes to the library each day.
• Our new colleague will say that he speaks French every day.

If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained or even the future tense can be used. For example:

• She said that her country is very beautiful.
• They said that trust is vital for any business.
• My wife said that she will always love me no matter what.

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past. Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past  He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect  He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect  He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	infinitive He said to go to school every day.

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whetheris used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
		past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book. Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.

Time change

        If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Today : Today's lesson is on class
+24hours - indirect : he said yesterday's lesson was on class

Expressions of time if reported on a different day ;

> this (evening)                             > that (evening)
> today                                          > Yesterday
> these (days)                               > those (days)
> now                                            > then
(a week) ago                                 > (a week) before
                                                        The weekend before last/the previous
> here                                            > there
> next (week)                                 > the following (week)
> tomorrow                                    > the next/following days

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:-

At work : "how long have you worked here"
At home : he asked me how long i'd worked there

How to Identify Direct and Indirect Objects?

A direct object is most easy to identify. Just asking a question - 'What?' to a verb, will provide you with the direct object. Like in the example above (The iceberg impact sunk the Titanic.), if you ask the question 'what was sunk?', you get the answer as 'Titanic', which is the direct object.

The indirect object is trickier to identify. If you ask the question 'For whom?' or 'To whom?', to the verb and direct object combination, you may get the indirect object. Like in the above example, (I relayed you a message), if you ask the question 'To whom was the message sent', you get the answer 'me', which is the indirect object.

Hope this article has eliminated most of your doubts about what are direct and indirect objects and how can they be identified. The key to understanding and identifying indirect and direct objects is to analyze and break up a sentence into is constituent parts. As mentioned before, all you have to do is see the causal flow of the sentence and identify the object on which an action is directed towards to know the indirect and direct objects. Practice is the key to identifying grammatical constructs like direct and indirect objects that complete the causal description of a real world event, described by a sentence.

How to lose weight

How to lose weight

those of you who want to lower the weight his tips, rather traditional medicine to lose weight.

Ingredients:
- Leaves Cermai 1 handful
- Water 3 cups
Tags: easy ways to lose weight, how a good diet.
Usage:
Rinse leaves Cermai, then boiled in 3 cups water to boil. After chilling, drinking water until the end of the day. Drink the potion each day on a regular basis (3 times daily).

In addition to weight loss herbs above, of course, you also need frequent exercise.

How to gain weight

How to gain weight

This time I will give added weight naturally tips specifically for those of you who want to raise the weight by traditional means. Here's their formula:

Ingredients:
- Seeds gulp (50 Minutes)
- Honey (1 tablespoon)
- Hot Water (1 / 2 cup)

How to use:
Rinse beans gulp, then milled until smooth. Brewed with 1 / 2 cup hot water and 1 tablespoon honey. Drink a potion of water weight gain was as warm at night (before sleep).

In addition to the ingredients above, to fatten the body must be balanced by eating enough and contain carbohydrate and high protein, consumption of fruits, drink water and adequate rest.

Body Shaping Tips Sixpack, Without Must to the GYM

Body Shaping Tips Sixpack, Without Must to the GYM There are two Kinds of desire people about tightening the abdominal muscles, one wants to form his stomach just so it looks both sixpack WHO Want to have a flat stomach but have a very strong stomach muscles. WHO people have a sixpack not necessarily have strong abdominal muscles, may be hard to say yes but not strong. To get six pack body, the first thing the which is Important palingg motivation. And the effort will of Produce satisfactory results, Because discipline is needed to form a distinguished body ideal. Well, yangg exercise needs to be done to form the body without going to the GYM Sixpack is as follows:  
1.Sit-up (exercise for the upper abdominal muscles) Sit on the carpet then bend legs, cross hands on his chest. Tighten the stomach, then lower the weight down, hold briefly, then returned to its original position. Do not make a move Until his back Touched the floor. Do the movements slow and controlled. On Returning to the starting position and tighten your abdominal muscles still feel the pressure on the abdominal muscles the body position Pls thigh.For reps cans near the try 15-50 cents depending on how many times but to set loe Could I do not have too much .  
2.Leg raises (Exercise for lower abdominal muscles) Lie on a flat bench and hold hands at the end of the bench behind your head. With legs Slightly bent position, lift the foot so as to form an angle of 45 degrees. Hold briefly and then Slowly return to starting position. Keep your feet do not touch the bench.  
3.Side to side (Exercise for the side abdominal muscles) Stand up straight with both hands holding the dumbbells. The position of the hands straight at his sides. Slowly move your body to the left side of the muscle belly up to feel the pressure. Hold briefly, return to starting position. Slowly move your body to the right side of the muscle belly up to feel the pressure. Return to starting position. When the body moves to the side guard to keep the body upright and not bending or Leaning forward. "Be careful not too Tired and Avoid the burden is too heavy, as if too heavy cans cause injury to the waist." do regularly wrote 3 movement. And do not forget to watch your diet (not too much and do too little too), the which is Important contain carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Also Expand eat fruit and vegetables.

Tips to remove blackheads

Tips to remove blackheads
According to experts, blackheads are the first stage of acne before the bacteria enter the skin pores causing infection or inflammation. This problem is usually start after puberty, when hormones begin to affect the body and skin.
Excess of this hormone resulted in stimulation of oil glands, so that excess oil production in the skin pores. The advantage is the longer oil will clog your pores and when exposed to air will be black. Blackheads can appear on all skin types, but is more common in oily skin.
Although there are many medications and creams that can be used to eliminate or prevent blackheads, some people just avoid using it. For it never hurts to try natural treatments in overcoming komeo disturbing.
Follow some of these natural tips, as quoted from eHow, Wednesday (08/12/2009):1. Wash your face with a mixture of salt water, add one tablespoon of salt with 8 ounces of warm water. Salt will help reduce excess oil, and eliminate blackheads.2. Take a little toothpaste and wipe the part of blackheads. This will help reduce the inflammation due to blackheads and reduce excess oil, make sure that use is not a gel toothpaste.3. Squeeze lime or lemon juice and apply it to areas of blackheads, and let it all night. Acid from the lemon helps reduce the oil in the skin.4. Combine orange basic skin with water until the pasta, but not too much to add water because it will become watery. Apply on the infected area and leave overnight.5. Apply aloe vera on blackheads, can be made by directly applying or juice from the plant. In addition, aloe vera can also help the healing process faster.6. Rubbing the area with ice cubes blackheads for 10 minutes, this will help to tighten or close the pores and prevent dust or reduce the place to stay oil the skin.7. Mix one egg white with one tablespoon of honey in a bowl until blended. Rub the mixture on your face and leave for 20 to 30 minutes, then rinse with lukewarm water. This mixture is effective to remove and prevent blackheads.8. Combine radish soil with water to form paste. Apply mixture to face and leave for 30 minutes then rinse. To obtain maximum results do regularly once a week.By using a natural way, you do not have to fear is going to cause side effects because it does not contain any chemical substances.

Former Acne Removal Tips

Former Acne Removal Tips

Acne scars sometimes make a person become less confident, and seemed not supportive for your appearance, here are tips remove acne scars, hopefully with these tips on your acne scars to disappear immediately. 
Tip 1: Take a piece of cassava. Peel the skin. Discard skin. Clean. Parutkan. Dairy to get water. Brush water on your face milking existing acne scars. Do it every day for a week. Insha-Allah, it felt satisfying. 
Tip 2: Mash a few sticks of cinnamon skin and make the powder. Mix with a little water. Brush on acne scars. Resume practicing during the week. 
Tip 3: Take 10 young sireh leaf blade, Clean and mashed creamed. Face should be cleaned with lukewarm water and brush sireh portion of the face especially in acne scars. Allow about a half hour or until dry. Wash 
your face clean and dry cloth. Resume practicing 3 times a week. 
Tip 4: Other than the tasty and nutritious side dish, pegaga also be used to remove the black marks on the face of acne scarring. The trick is to mengisar pegaga leaves with fresh powder and water. Pupukkan adunan in place a black mark acne scars on your face every day or every night before bed. Pegaga range and powder mixture cool it may be stored in crates cool with putting it in a dry bottle. 
Tip 5: Sharpening cinnamon bark and mix with honey bees. Paste in the scarred face every night. The next day, rinse with lukewarm water. 
Tip 6: Mash ten young sireh leaf blade. Glue on the face, especially acne scars. When dry, wash with clean water. Resume practicing 3 times a week. 
Tip 7: Kisar cucumber and cucumber hampas airnya.Tampalkan filter on a scarred face. Allow half an hour. Then wash with lukewarm water. 
Tip 8: before the bath, usapkanlah klutuk banana skin (stone) that has been cooked on the skin. and allow about 10 minutes, you're dimasker seolah2. then rinse with water stale tea, and a new bathroom, or the second way is to smooth the old nut seeds, mixed with rose water. use as a powder every hari.hindari eating spicy and fatty foods. often eat the sticky tape and tape cassava is good for your skin. try a regular bowel movement every day.

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif

Contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif :

1. -Active    : He meets them everyday.
2. -Passive  : They are met by him everyday.
3. -Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
4. -Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.
5. -Active    : He met them yesterday
6. -Passive  : They were met by him yesterday
7. -Active    : She watered this plant this morning
8. -Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning
9. -Active    : He had met them before I came.
10. -Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.
11. -Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
12. -Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
13. -Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
14. -Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.
15. -Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
16. -Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
17. -Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
18. -Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
19. -Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
20. -Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

Active and Passive Voice

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
Definition: The verb form in which the subject of the sentence performs or causes the action expressed by the verb.
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.

Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.
example :

• Fred kicked the ball
• The waiter dropped the tray of food.
• The review committee denied your request for funding.
• A passer-by nudged the man.

Passive voice
Definition: A verb form or voice in which the grammatical subject receives the verb's action.One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.

Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.
NOTE: Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object.
To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:
1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with the preposition by

3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main verb's form

Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.
As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in active voice flows more smoothly and is easier to understand than the same sentence in passive voice.


It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.
1. Move the passive sentence's subject into the active sentence's direct object slot

2. Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed

3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.

Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever possible.
The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when

• the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence

Examples

• the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the doer of the action

Examples

• the writer wishes to use passive voice for sentence variety.

Example :

• The ball was kicked by Fred
• The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.
• Your request for funding has been denied by the review committee.
• The man was nudged by a passer-by.